In late 18th-century England, Jeremy Bentham proposed that moral and legal systems could be restructured through a single principle… The promotion of happiness and the reduction of suffering. Bentham observed that human beings, in every era and culture, are governed by the basic experiences of pleasure and pain. From this observation, he developed the framework of utilitarianism, an ethical theory that evaluates actions by their outcomes. He called this the principle of utility, and he treated i