Abstract: Timely and effective early warning is essential for proactive intervention to mitigate students’ learning risks. Existing studies on learning early warning primarily predict students’ ...

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyushu University, Fukuoka City, Japan. This research has been approved by the IRB of the authors’ affiliated institutions. The data used in this research were ...

Abstract: Traditional user interface layout design heavily relies on designers' subjective judgment and lacks effective quantitative assessment methods. This study aims to overcome this shortcoming.