Since the inception of electronic communications, frequency response has been the common measurement unit for most instruments. Even after the introduction of the feedback amplifier, frequency ...

Closed-loop control systems are sometimes shipped from the factory with resonances and other operational difficulties that aren't supposed to be part of the package and are not well understood.

(Editor's Note: There are links to the previous parts of this series at the end, below the author's biography.) AC parameters which describe the amplifier's performance over frequency can appear very ...

Oscilloscopes are the primary measurement tools used today by engineers to test and characterize their power supply designs. The R&S®RTx-K36 frequency response analysis (Bode plot) option provides a ...

A frequency response analyzer (‘FRA’) is often used to measure gain and phase plots of control loops (Bode plots), filter responses and general frequency domain transfer functions. The FRA generally ...

When getting from point A to point B is all you’re worried about, simple step inputs usually suffice. But when your machine’s movement between points needs smooth elegance, then a complex, controlled ...